In 2002, Robert Roberson discovered his two-year-old daughter, Nikki Curtis, unresponsive after she fell off a mattress within the household’s home within the East Texas metropolis of Palestine. Roberson took her to hospital, however a day later, the newborn tragically died after succumbing to a head damage.
Inside a yr, Roberson, a labourer who’s now 57, had been tried, sentenced and positioned on dying row for the killing of his daughter. Medical doctors and an post-mortem report concluded that child Nikki had died following extreme abuse by the hands of Roberson – particularly from shaken baby syndrome.
The Texas Committee on Prison Jurisprudence, which is reconsidering the lawfulness of Roberson’s conviction, issued a subpoena for Roberson to attend a listening to scheduled for Monday, October 21.
However Roberson very practically didn’t make it to Monday. After a Texas state board rejected his clemency plea on Wednesday final week, he had been scheduled to obtain a deadly injection on Thursday night at 6pm native time (23:00 GMT) on the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville.
However in a dramatic flip of occasions, simply hours earlier than the execution was attributable to happen, a state decide in Texas issued a short lived restraining order halting it after a committee within the Republican-controlled state Home of Representatives petitioned the court docket.
That call triggered an avalanche of authorized actions that continued late into the night time. After Choose Jessica Mangrun’s choice was introduced, the Texas Court docket of Prison Appeals lifted the injunction and allowed the execution to proceed. However then the Texas Supreme Court docket weighed in, issuing a keep of execution.
Roberson, his legal professionals, Texas lawmakers and even the lead detective on the unique investigation say he’s on dying row for against the law he didn’t commit.
The science behind shaken child syndrome has been introduced into query in recent times. So what’s it, and what occurred within the case of child Nikki?
Who’s Robert Roberson and what was the proof towards him?
Initially from Wooden County in Texas, Roberson had beforehand labored as a prepare dinner, building employee, welder and labourer, in accordance with the Texas Division of Prison Justice.
The mom of Nikki, who has not been named, was reported to have been denied custody of the newborn after her delivery. The child’s maternal grandparents granted Roberson custody.
The post-mortem report for the newborn cited bruises on her head, mind swelling and bleeding behind her eyes. In the end, the post-mortem decided that Roberson’s daughter died of blunt-force head trauma, which docs and police claimed was brought on by shaking.
At his trial, witnesses together with Roberson’s ex-girlfriend, her daughter and her niece, testified that they’d seen him smack and shake his child daughter “in anger”.
The hospital employees additionally reported that when Roberson introduced his daughter to the native hospital, Palestine Regional Medical Middle, he confirmed no response or emotion, additional stoking suspicions of abuse.
“They considered his incapability to clarify Nikki’s situation as an indication that he have to be mendacity,” in accordance with the web site of the nonprofit authorized organisation the Innocence Challenge, which is a part of Roberson’s authorized group. Roberson was recognized with autism after he was convicted, which his legal professionals say explains his lack of response.
The Texas Court docket of Prison Appeals halted his execution in 2016 however, in 2023, allowed the case to proceed with a brand new execution date after ruling that new proof about his autism and different sicknesses the newborn was struggling on the time was not sufficient to overturn the conviction.
On Wednesday, Texas’s Board of Pardons and Paroles voted unanimously – 6-0 – towards commuting his dying sentence to life in jail.
Why do some folks consider he’s harmless?
Roberson’s supporters argue that his conviction was primarily based on incomplete proof and that details about the newborn’s underlying well being situations was not correctly thought-about.
A number of individuals are campaigning for Roberson to be granted clemency – which covers something from a full pardon to the sentence being commuted from dying to life in jail – together with Brian Wharton, the lead detective in Roberson’s case, who testified towards him at trial.
When explaining why he modified his thoughts about Roberson’s guilt, Wharton has spoken about Roberson’s autism prognosis, and stated his group ought to have investigated additional to rule out different causes for the newborn’s dying.
In a video revealed on the New York Instances YouTube channel on July 30 this yr, Wharton spoke to Roberson for the primary time in round 20 years by way of Plexiglass on the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville.
“I’m so sorry that you’re nonetheless right here. It’s our failure,” Wharton stated to Roberson within the movie.
“I helped put him right here, and he didn’t deserve it,” Wharton’s voiceover performed within the video towards visuals of the lads nonetheless speaking within the jail’s assembly space. “No different prospects for her damage had been thought-about. I remorse deeply that we adopted the best path.”
Roberson has maintained his innocence for the twenty years he has spent on dying row. His legal professionals argue that on the time of her dying, child Nikki had pneumonia that had turned septic. Court docket information additionally state that she was battling a slew of different well being issues on the time of her dying.
The Every day Mail reported {that a} week earlier than her dying, Nikki had been sick and was taken to a neighborhood emergency room the place she was prescribed Phenergan, a drug used to deal with ache, allergic reactions and movement illness that now comes with a warning for kids her age.
The New Zealand Medicines and Medical Units Security Authority web site warns: “Phenergan should not be utilized in youngsters below 6 years of age, as a result of potential for deadly respiratory despair”, amongst different harmful uncomfortable side effects.
When her situation didn’t enhance, she was given extra Phenergan and codeine, an opioid that now can’t be given to youngsters below 18.
What are Roberson’s supporters calling for?
Supporters need clemency – which might imply something from a full pardon to a discount in his sentence – for Roberson. His legal professionals need the court docket to reassess proof that exhibits that Nikki’s dying was attributable to her current well being points.
A petition launched by the Innocence Challenge, calling on Texas Governor Greg Abbott to intervene in Roberson’s execution, had amassed 112,851 signatures as of 14:20 GMT.
Some 86 Texas lawmakers, each Republicans and Democrats, are additionally calling for clemency for Roberson. Democrat state consultant of Texas, Joe Moody, wrote in a social media submit on Friday, “We now have to do all we are able to to pump the brakes earlier than this stains Texas justice for generations.”
Others calling for clemency embody parental rights teams, autism advocates, religion leaders and even the best-selling crime novelist, John Grisham. In a column for the Palestine Herald-Press, Grisham wrote: “Nikki’s dying was a tragedy, not against the law.”
Detective Wharton has additionally referred to as for the dying penalty to be abolished in Texas and in the US as a complete. If Roberson is executed, his dying would be the fifth execution this yr in Texas, and the twentieth execution this yr within the US, in accordance with the Washington-based nonprofit the Demise Penalty Data Middle. Will probably be the primary in a case of shaken child syndrome.
Whereas Texas legislation permits the state’s Governor Abbott to grant a one-time reprieve from the execution for 30 days, he can not grant clemency unilaterally. He requires the board’s approval.
What’s shaken child syndrome?
In keeping with the Mayo Clinic, shaken child syndrome is a critical mind damage brought on by forcefully shaking an toddler or a toddler. It might manifest as a head damage, which was the conclusion of Nikki’s post-mortem. This could trigger everlasting damage or mind harm and even the dying of the toddler.
Sometimes, damage by shaken child syndrome is brought about when “a father or mother or caregiver severely shakes a child or toddler attributable to frustration or anger – actually because the kid gained’t cease crying”, the Mayo Clinic says, including it’s not often brought on by bouncing a baby or by minor falls.
The damage is brought about as a result of infants and younger youngsters typically have weak neck muscular tissues that can’t totally help the burden of their heads. When vigorously shaken, the delicate mind strikes contained in the cranium. Consequently, mind cells may be destroyed and oxygen provide to the mind may be blocked.
The speculation of shaken child syndrome was first launched by Norman Guthkelch, a British paediatric neurosurgeon, in a paper he wrote for the British Medical Journal in 1971. He found it when sufferers – younger toddlers – had been coming to him with bleeding on the floor of the mind however no exterior indicators of abuse comparable to bruising. He wrote the paper to warn mother and father towards shaking their youngsters.
In a listing of signs of shaken child syndrome, the Mayo Clinic contains: irritability, problem staying awake, respiratory issues, vomiting, paralysis or coma. In delicate circumstances of the syndrome, the newborn might sound OK quickly after the damage, however might develop well being or behavioural issues over time.
In keeping with the Nationwide Middle on Shaken Child Syndrome, a US-based public charity, there are roughly 1,300 reported circumstances of shaken child syndrome within the US yearly. It provides that the syndrome is the main reason behind bodily little one abuse-related deaths within the US.
In 2009, the American Academy of Pediatrics modified the title of the damage to “abusive head trauma”.
Is shaken child syndrome ‘junk science’?
Whereas many paediatricians contemplate shaken child syndrome to be a official reason behind damage, the American Association of Pediatrics acknowledged in an April 2020 publication that some in medical and authorized circles had beforehand “misinterpreted” it.
Medical doctors now say that many different situations may cause the signs linked to shaken child syndrome. Consequently, shaken child syndrome is now thought-about a prognosis of exclusion, which signifies that solely when all different doable causes behind the signs are first dominated out, it may be thought-about.
British paediatric neurosurgeon Guthkelch died aged 100 in 2016. Throughout his closing years, he labored towards the misinterpretation of his work. Technical author and journalist Sue Luttner quoted him in her weblog in 2012, saying: “I’m frankly fairly disturbed that what I supposed as a pleasant suggestion for avoiding damage to youngsters has develop into an excuse for imprisoning harmless mother and father.”
So far, not less than 32 folks in 18 US states have been exonerated primarily based on the more and more discredited speculation, in addition to witnesses taking again their testimonies, after being convicted for shaken child syndrome, in accordance with the Nationwide Registry of Exonerations.
