The author, an FT contributing editor, is chief govt of the Royal Society of Arts and former chief economist on the Financial institution of England
The world is extra numerous and interwoven than ever earlier than — economically, culturally, ethnically, generationally. That is largely the results of the postwar explosion in cross-border flows of products and cash, folks and knowledge. For a lot of that interval, the advantages of globalisation had been taken as a right and garnered widespread common and political assist.
These days are gone. The query now being requested is whether or not elevated financial openness and connection are a supply of fragility moderately than flourishing, economically and societally. It is a key level of departure between progressives (who emphasise the advantages) and populists (who emphasise the fragility). Each have a degree.
There isn’t any ecosystem on the planet that’s not enriched by elevated variety. The complexity of rainforests and oceans explains their abundance. In social techniques, the cross-pollination of concepts, cultures and practices in numerous communities has been a driver of innovation and dynamism for millennia.
But this can be a double-edged sword. A rainforest or an ocean are weak to antagonistic arrivals equivalent to people looking for timber or fish. If cultures conflict moderately than cohere, numerous communities exhibit related fragility.
Each advanced system faces this balancing act, however it may be improved by strengthening ties and belief — what Harvard political scientist Robert Putnam calls social capital. The depletion of social capital over the previous half-century, documented by Putnam, has tilted the scales decisively in direction of fragility. At the moment’s open, related economies are nested in brittle, disconnected societies. Neither can flourish like this.
One coverage response is to reverse financial course, tightening restrictions on cross-border flows of individuals, items, applied sciences and knowledge. Whereas economists (like me) inform us that doing so would diminish financial dynamism, given these insurance policies deal with the insecurities felt by many at supply, it’s no shock they’re gaining assist — particularly round immigration and commerce.
However there may be one other — arguably less expensive, definitely much less explored — manner of reaching the identical finish: dialling up social coverage moderately than dialling again financial coverage. Social capital can grow to be a golden thread woven all through public coverage, from well being to housing, schooling to place-making.
Many organisations already run programmes to construct social cohesion and curb delinquent behaviour. US Senator Chris Murphy has proposed a nationwide technique for social connection. However no nation has but put in place a complete, cross-cutting nationwide programme for social cohesion with ambition commensurate with the problem.
A greater map of the territory is essential — too typically, coverage motion is taken in the dead of night and knowledge on social capital is patchy. What is required first is a brand new set of nationwide accounts, centered on social capital. Current analysis by Raj Chetty, who has developed highly granular maps of social capital, offers a glimpse of what’s attainable.
Social ties are finest established early in life. As work by Chetty et al exhibits, networks solid in youth are the important thing to unlocking upward mobility. However our present schooling techniques are extra typically a recipe for social stratification than mixing. That requires a radical rethink of curricula and extracurricular actions, and academic entry standards, to make social connection a fore moderately than afterthought.
Subsequent, unplanned city sprawl has contributed considerably to the Balkanisation of communities. In future, social cohesion ought to be on the coronary heart of spatial planning. LSE professor Richard Sennett has proposed sociable housing, connecting disconnected communities by means of combined tenure residences, communal areas and an improved public realm. There are already examples in Japan, Scandinavia and elsewhere.
Social capital is constructed on robust social infrastructure — faith-based establishments, youth golf equipment, group centres, parks, sports activities and leisure services, libraries and museums. But funding in social infrastructure is meagre relative to bodily and digital infrastructure. Reprioritisation and reinvestment are overdue.
If citizen belief is to be rebuilt, new fashions of governance are wanted too. Citizen panels and juries are efficient in constructing belief and cohesion in numerous communities. But they’re removed from the democratic mainstream. In a return to the unique Greek mannequin of democracy, community-led coalitions may play a central function domestically.
As well as, mainstream and social media are a key conduit for each social connection and, more and more, social division. Many international locations are legislating to keep away from on-line hurt. However too little is being accomplished to assist on-line good the place it nurtures social cohesion. Public service broadcasters and regulators have a significant function to play in doing so.
Lastly, each revolution (even a coverage one) wants management. An Workplace of the President or Prime Minister, charged with lacing social cohesion by means of coverage, ought to be hard-wired into the equipment of governments.
In The Upswing, Putnam confirmed how social capital was constructed within the first half of the twentieth century, earlier than being depleted within the second. We are able to repeat these successes by means of cross-cutting nationwide programmes of social cohesion that talk on to the insecurities felt by so many. This could sign a decisive shift in capitalism itself — in direction of a “social capitalism” in a position to bridge disconnected communities, progressives and populists, the me and the we.
